By Anahit Moushegian
Originally in Bazmavep, vol. 3–4, 2011, p. pp 417-432.
In July of 2000, the Mkhitarian Congregation, with its two historic branches in Venice and Vienna, jointly decided to achieve immediate and complete unity by creating one unified Mkhitarian Congregation.
This long-desired historical event coincided with the 300th anniversary of the Congregation founded by Vardapet Mkhitar of Sebastia.
We extend our gratitude to all the Mkhitarians of the past—both those of Venice and of Vienna—who have rendered their invaluable services in the field of Armenian studies.
Today marks 200 years that the Viennese Mkhitarians have continued to operate in the former imperial city of Vienna, keeping alight the luminous torch of Abbot Mkhitar. They represent the greatness of the Armenian people, first and foremost through the depth of their faith, and subsequently through their service to and dissemination of Armenian culture. Over the centuries, having overcome numerous obstacles, the spirit of the Mkhitarians has always remained unbreakable. Everywhere they have set foot, they have been a formidable presence, serving as the disseminators of our ancient and illustrious Armenian culture, scholarship, and enlightenment throughout the entire European sphere of Armenian studies.
It is well known to all of us that they made thoughtful, deeply learned, and dedicated contributions to Armenian studies. Their enduring works in bibliography, linguistics, classical literature, translation, history, and culture are undeniable. They have also made a significant contribution to the development of Armenian numismatics.
The development of numismatics is greatly conditioned by the activities of those who save ancient metal coins from loss, collecting them from different periods. These worn and tarnished coins serve as living witnesses to the political history, economy, trade relations, and monetary circulation of a given country, accurately representing and revealing the complete picture of the coin circulation of that era.
The first interest in ancient metal coins emerged already during the Renaissance. From the second half of the 18th century in Europe, the first scientific numismatic centers began to appear, where the study of ancient metal coins became a priority, and later entered its historical-research phase—linked on the one hand to the inclusion of the ancient (Classical) period, and on the other, to the medieval coins of the Near East. The development of Armenian numismatics was driven both by the demands of Armenian studies and Oriental studies. After some time, interest in Armenian numismatics also began to blossom in European numismatic centers.
The Mkhitarians of Venice were the first to pay attention to the collection and study of ancient and medieval metal coins. Within the Armenian context, the Mkhitarian Congregation on the island of San Lazzaro in Venice began to tackle this issue seriously, becoming the largest center for collecting Armenian coins. The Mkhitarians utilized numismatic data to shed light on intricate questions related to the history of the Armenian people.
As for the Viennese Mkhitarians, we can confidently and gratefully say that the children of Abbot Mkhitar continued to create in Vienna and made the most renowned contribution in the history of Armenian numismatics, particularly in the research of Armenian coins from the Cilician period. The appearance of Fr. Ghevond (Clement) Sibilian in the history of Armenian numismatics was a significant event. A man imbued with numismatic passion, he devoted his entire life to Armenian numismatics and, in particular, to the study of Cilician Armenian coins—its golden core. Among European researchers, he had gained the reputation of a distinguished numismatist and archaeologist.
Thanks to the efforts of Fr. Ghevond (Clement) Sibilian, the Armenian people gained a rich and extensive collection, which today is carefully safeguarded in the repositories of the Viennese Congregation. This numismatist created and bequeathed to future generations a lasting work of great significance for its era. Even today, it is impossible to begin or engage in the study of Cilician coins without this monograph. The work is known as “Classification of the Rubenid Coins[2].” This book is the cornerstone for the study of Cilician Armenian coins, marking the start of the first scientific classification and elucidation of these coins. In it, the author provides a thorough analysis of the coins of Cilician Armenia, meticulously examining and reevaluating all the existing data on Cilician coins up to that time.
Sibilian created numismatic literature in Armenian, which he then presented in foreign languages to European audiences. He discussed the bilingual coin of Hetum I of Cilician Armenia; one of Levon III’s copper coins, on whose obverse a cross is depicted and on the reverse a lion without a cross; and examined the double-lion reverse types on Smbat’s silver coin. He also introduced the silver coin of Oshin bearing the image of a mounted horseman.
While presenting the coins of each ruler, the numismatist provides Armenian inscriptions for each coin with great detail. He also addresses bilingual coins. In particular, he discusses Constantine II’s gold coin and arrives at the conclusion that this coin is essentially a “trial coin,” basing this on the coin’s weight-standard system, as it does not correspond to the Byzantine or Arab systems in use at that time.
The numismatist was born in Constantinople on 17 February 1824. His baptismal name was Mkrtich. In 1838, at the age of fourteen, the Viennese Mkhitarians opened the doors of their monastery to him, and four years later he joined the Congregation and was ordained a priest. With the efforts of Abbot Father Aristakes Azarian, the creation of a numismatic collection was initiated, which would later expand in scope and be studied on a scholarly basis, becoming a lasting treasure of the Congregation and of Armenian culture.
Joining forces with Azarian, Sibilian took his first steps in that field, contributing to the endeavor. In his letters, he expressed gratitude to Father Azarian, mentioning that he was indebted to him for his numismatic expertise.
Driven by the concern to acquire Armenian coins and save them from loss, Sibilian embarked on long journeys to Constantinople, Smyrna, Karin (Erzurum), Tehran, Van, Tiflis (Tbilisi), Etchmiadzin, Isfahan, and even to venerable Cilicia. These searches were motivated by his great aspiration to create a comprehensive fundamental corpus of Armenian numismatics. Unfortunately, due to the numismatist’s untimely death, it was not possible to see the complete publication of his planned book. By 1875, Sibilian, already a recognized numismatist, was honored with the status of corresponding member of the “Numismatic Society” (Numismatische Gesellschaft) of Vienna as a specialist in Greek and Armenian coins. In 1876, Sultan Abdul Aziz proclaimed him the deputy director of the Ottoman Museum in Constantinople, as he had classified and identified the museum’s entire numismatic collection.
From the start of his work in 1845 until his death, Sibilian was engaged in numismatics, devoting himself to that marvelous realm. A notable event in the 19th century in the history of Armenian numismatics was the publication of Father Ghevond (Clement) Sibilian’s posthumous monograph. Already in 1846, he had begun working on his monograph “Classification of the Rubenid Coins.” The creation of this work is closely linked to the name of the Viennese Mkhitarian Congregation. The foundation of Sibilian’s monograph was the Armenian coin collection of the Mkhitarian Museum in Vienna, assembled through his own efforts. He was well acquainted with all the rich Armenian coin collections of the time that were kept in various European museums. He maintained correspondence with European archaeologists and numismatists of his era, such as Brosset, Barthélemy, Langlois, Schliemann, and Timon. Sibilian’s wide-ranging activity and his work served as an impetus for many to engage in the study of Armenian coins.
It is known that initially foreigners studied Armenian numismatics. They provided cursory reports, often with incorrect interpretations, lacking knowledge of the Armenian language and historical context. Due to Father Ghevond (Clement) Sibilian’s work, great interest arose in Cilician Armenian coins. Scientific curiosity about Armenian national coinage deepened. Victor Langlois published articles on Cilician Armenian coins, later compiled in his book Numismatique de l’Arménie au Moyen Age[3]. For that era, Langlois’ contribution was valuable, since it familiarized the West with Armenian coins. In his mentioned book, Langlois included his research on the origins of the iconography of Rubenid coins, issues related to Oshin’s copper coins, and the coin attributed to Thoros. Langlois also, through his investigations, addressed the coinage of Levon I.
Although Sibilian recognized errors in the foreign numismatist’s work, he nonetheless appreciated Langlois’ effort, considering it valuable for its time, since it was written in French and revealed a new world to foreign readers. Through Armenian coins, the West became acquainted with the Armenian world. With his research, Sibilian presented his own classificatory and metrological theories, which hold important source value for Armenian numismatics. While not accepting many of Langlois’ classifications, these two numismatists—Victor Langlois and Sibilian—were nonetheless the first whose combined efforts founded and set into motion the history of research on Cilician Armenian coins.
By the second half of the 19th century, Father Ghevond (Clement) Sibilian was already aware of 3,000 Cilician Armenian coins bearing Armenian inscriptions. His classification was entirely new, and the principle of classification he developed remained as a foundation and was applied for a long time thereafter. Before his book was published, the numismatist presented a series of articles. Among them was a study on Levon I’s copper coin. He also examined Hetum–Zabel silver coins and composed extensive articles dedicated to Armenian coins.[4]
In discussing Sibilian’s numismatic interests and his character, the letters he addressed to the numismatist Fr. Simon Antonian have been preserved. Antonian was a numismatist and coin collector (particularly of Roman and Armenian coins). From these letters, we learn about the concern and warmth with which Sibilian spoke of the acquisition of each coin or the interpretation of its historical value. Thanks to these letters, we gain a complete picture of how the numismatic collection of the Viennese Mkhitarian Congregation was formed—how much time and effort was required for the acquisition of each coin to make the Congregation’s collection complete.[5]
These small metal monuments are living witnesses to historical periods, and through their acquisition, the Viennese Congregation’s collection was enriched. Here, we present a few examples from these letters:
June 8/20, 1868, Constantinople
…I bought several Rubenid coins, among which is a silver coin of Constantine of Tarsus. Please keep it safe, we have no other place… I found this one in Constantinople… Strive to take care of our museum.
May 10/22, 1869, Marsovan
…I tried to increase these Rubenid coins only with pure or rare pieces. I purchased the piece with the inscription “Made in the city of Tarsus” from a silversmith in Constantinople. Similarly, I bought the double coin of Levon and the bilingual coin of Hetum from a Cesaratsi in Constantinople. There are absolutely no ancient coins here where I am. Even if there were, I have no money. There is a fine 4-dram coin of Mithradates, but I cannot hope to buy it for even 200 francs… I will write a letter to Treier in Trieste, trying to acquire the Samos copper coin, since it is a very rare piece and we definitely need it.
1869, May 15, Constantinople
…Only here in Constantinople did I buy a Rubenid silver coin of Levon II with the inscription “ԼԷՈՆ ԹԱԳԱՒՈՐ ՀԱՅՈՅ,” which is a shortened form of “Hayastanetsi” (of Armenia). The coins of Levon with this inscription are very rare…
September 19, 1870, Sera
Now, let’s talk about Rubenid Armenian coins. You know that the Imperial Museum in Vienna has two silver coins—one of Constantine and another of Levon II’s coronation issue—that we do not have, and it is unique. Well, I purchased one in Athens, thereby completing our set for the time being. Another small piece of news: I acquired a beautiful silver coin of Levon III in very good condition, reading: A. ԼԷՈՆ ԹԱԳԱՒՈՐ ԱՄԵՆԱՅՆ ՀԱՅՈՅ (“Levon, King of All Armenians”) and B. ՇԻՆԵԱԼ Ի ՔԱՂԱՔՆ Ի ՍԻՍ (“Struck in the city of Sis”). Although it cost me a bit, I am satisfied, since it enriched the royal series. Next Wednesday, God willing, I will depart for Smyrna… I hope to obtain a half-dram coin of Levon II that is quite pure. Lampros once had a silver coin of Artavazd, but it was badly damaged and he sold it to a Swiss German. He assured me that whatever Armenian pieces he finds—whether Tigran or otherwise—he would keep them for me.
May 10/22, 1871
…It pains me to cut from my own living expenses and pay 30–40 francs for Armenian coins… I saw a bronze seal, broken in the middle, with Armenian on one side and Greek on the other. The Armenian side reads something about “the king of…” Once I have it in my possession, I will describe it to you precisely. I think I can get it for 20 francs… There are 10 Rubenid coins somewhere, three of which are in good condition and the rest mediocre. I offered 46 francs, but he wants 69 francs… Elsewhere I heard news that many Rubenid silver coins have appeared and all are up for sale. I’ll sell my coat if I must, and try to buy them…
March 1, 1876, Constantinople
…I did not go to Egypt nor travel with Europeans. I only wanted to go to Antioch and Cilicia, but there is cholera on the Assyrian side. Now I am busy writing the story of my journey to Cilicia, which I plan to write at length in Armenian and in a shortened form in French, and have it printed with a few illustrations. Recently, I wrote a short booklet on the Classification of Rubenid Coins and had 6 lithographic plates prepared depicting 78 Rubenid coins. The plates are ready, and in a month, God willing, I will give the manuscript for printing, both in Armenian and French separately. I now have more than 800 Rubenid coins, and I promise that by the end of this year I will bring the monastery’s Rubenid coins to a count of 1,000 and find many fine specimens among them. I can say that now there is no other Rubenid collection comparable to mine. Recently, I purchased 52 Hetum–Zabel coins for ten qurush each, all of them clean.
Sibilian was also the first researcher and the first to classify a Cilician Armenian coin hoard. The hoard was discovered in 1870 during the construction of the Izmir–Ankara railroad. According to the numismatist, the hoard contained 500 silver coins in a clay vessel. Fifty of them were given to the Ottoman Museum, while the rest were sent to the mint to be melted down and reused. By a fortunate coincidence, they were not melted, as the director of the mint, Mihran Bey Duzian, who was of Armenian origin, purchased them at the price of their silver and delivered them to Sibilian for examination. Upon studying the hoard, the numismatist classified it into 5 different styles and 14 variations.
Sibilian’s monograph was supposed to be published in 1876, which would have included 1,000 specimens from the monastery’s collection and illustrated with 6 plates, so as to provide a clear idea of the iconography of the Cilician Rubenid coins. Unfortunately, his untimely death prevented him from seeing the publication. At the age of 54, during a journey in 1878, he fell ill and passed away. Besides his numismatic articles, Sibilian also wrote on other topics, such as “Information on the Kurdish Tribes of the Van Regions” and “A Brief Geography for Children,” thus contributing to various fields of knowledge.
I have already prepared the plates and, God willing, in about a month I will submit the manuscript for printing, both in Armenian and French, compiled separately. I now have more than 800 Rubenid coins in my possession, and I promise you that by the end of this year I will increase the Rubenid coins of the monastery to 1,000, finding plenty of fine specimens among them. I can say that now there is no Rubenid collection comparable to mine. Recently, I purchased 52 Hetum and Zabel coins for ten quruş each. All of them are in good condition.
Sibilian was also the first researcher and classifier of the first known Cilician Armenian coin hoard. The hoard was discovered in 1870 during the construction of the Izmir–Ankara railway. According to the numismatist, it contained 500 silver coins sealed in a clay vessel. Fifty of these coins were handed over to the Ottoman Museum, while the rest were sent to the mint to be melted down and reused. By a fortunate coincidence, they were not melted down, as the director of the mint, Mihran Bey Duzian, an Armenian, purchased them at the price of silver and handed them over to Sibilian for examination. After studying the hoard, the numismatist classified them into 5 different styles and 14 variations.[6]
Sibilian’s monograph was supposed to be published in 1876 and would have included 1,000 specimens from the monastery’s collection, represented across 6 plates, to clearly illustrate the iconography of the Cilician Rubenid coins. Unfortunately, the numismatist’s untimely death prevented him from seeing his book published. In 878, at the age of 54, he fell ill and passed away during a journey. Besides numismatic articles, Sibilian also wrote on other subjects, such as “Some Information on the Kurdish Tribes of the Van Region[7]” and “A Brief Geography for Schoolchildren[8].”
After his death, the issue of publishing his manuscript became urgent and paramount. Father Grigoris Galemkerian took on the concern of this matter. After making certain revisions and overcoming several obstacles, the work took on its final, complete form. In 1892, the monograph “Classification of the Rubenid Coins” entered the printing press of the Viennese Mkhitarian Congregation. This classical monograph, dedicated to the Armenian coins of Cilicia, presents an overall overview of Armenian numismatics, bibliographic references, and numismatic literature. The book includes a chronological list of the Rubenid kings, a list of illustrations, bibliography, and, finally, on the first page, a portrait of the numismatist, serving as a reminder for future generations. To this day, the work remains a most important source for Armenian numismatics.
It took another 100 years after the publication of Sibilian’s book for Bedoukian’s new comprehensive work, “Coins of Cilician Armenia[9],” to appear. Here, a century after the 3,000 coins already studied by Sibilian, the author presents to the numismatic community a new classification, examining 12,000 new Cilician Armenian coins. Notably, this work was also published in Armenian in 1963 by the Viennese Mkhitarians.
Sibilian is considered the father of Armenian numismatics. In 1978, the 100th anniversary of his death was commemorated with great ceremony. As a token of gratitude for his legacy, the fourth volume of the Armenian Numismatic Journal was published in the United States, compiling articles by recognized numismatists of the time, dedicated to the issues of Armenian numismatics. That volume remains a luxurious commemorative collection dedicated to the great Viennese Mkhitarian numismatist.
Now, let us turn to the next Mkhitarian numismatist, the renowned figure Father Hagopos (Jacob) Vardapet Tashian. Tashian, besides being an Armenian philologist, linguist, and Armenologist, became famous in the history of Armenian numismatics for his work “Arshakuni Coins.”
From the very first years of the 20th century, numerous articles related to ancient Armenian coins began to appear. In 1904, the work of Alexander Aspet Petrovich, entitled “Arshakuni Coins—A Rich Collection,” was published in Vienna. In this work, the author attributed a particular group of coins to Armenia. Examining the work, in the pages of “Handes Amsorya,” Father Hagopos Vardapet Tashian presented a concise history of Armenian–Parthian relations and offered a comprehensive analysis of Arshakuni coins, providing his commentary on Alexander Petrovich’s “Arshakuni Coins.”
Tashian’s critical analysis heightened interest in the question of Arshakuni (Arsacid) coins. He presents the Parthian–Armenian history and discusses the Arshakuni coins based on Petrovich’s monograph “Arshakuni Coins.” He examines the coins that Petrovich attributed to Vagharshak, Artashes I, Artavazd I, and Tigran the Great. The hypotheses advanced by Petrovich were not accepted; they were subjected to criticism. The Armenian Arsacid coins, which Petrovich emphasized, were not endorsed.
Alongside the activities of the two renowned Viennese Mkhitarian numismatists of past centuries, today’s Viennese Mkhitarians find themselves in a new phase of numismatic research in the person of Father Augustinos Vardapet Sekoulian. Once again, the heavy keys to the numismatic repositories are in his hands, and with great dedication and unceasing enthusiasm, he reopens and studies the ancient Armenian coins preserved in the rooms of the Viennese Mkhitarian Congregation, bringing new illumination to the development of Armenian numismatics today.
Father Augustinos Vardapet Sekoulian is not only a committed Mkhitarian, but also a dedicated Armenologist and numismatist. His contribution to Armenian numismatics—especially in the field of Cilician Armenian coins—is substantial. Continuing the work of the esteemed Armenian numismatists, Fr. Ghevond (Clement) Sibilian and Tashian, he conducts new investigations into the iconography of Cilician Armenian coins. Faithfully adhering to his calling, this numismatist–Mkhitarian has for many years studied, classified, and preserved the congregation’s numismatic treasury with as much care and devotion as his predecessors. With deep knowledge, love, and new scholarly interpretations, he classified the monastery’s coins. Using Bedoukian’s classification as a foundation, Sekoulian offered new clarifications in revealing the descriptions of the numismatic collection preserved in the Mkhitarian Museum of Vienna.
In 1968, Sekoulian published an article in Handes Amsorya entitled “Coins Minted in the City of Ayas[10].” In it, the author discusses the tang coins of Hetum I and concludes that, in addition to the mints of Sis and Tarsus, there was also a mint operating in Ayas during Hetum I’s reign, where copper coins were minted. On the reverses of these coins, the cross arms feature dots, which is a valuable discovery. The numismatist concludes that these coins were minted during the final years of Hetum I’s reign (1267–1271), when, due to Mamluk invasions, the mint had to be moved from Sis to the port city of Ayas. The author found specimens of these coins in the Mkhitarian Congregation’s collection in Vienna.
In 1970, in the pages of the same “Handes Amsorya,” the author presented another interesting article entitled “Observations on the Origins of the Iconography of Levon I’s (1187–1219) Coins[11].” After studying Levon I’s (Prince Levon II, 1187–1198) copper coin, the author reaches the following conclusion: the obverse image of the princely copper coin was probably engraved by a German master-engraver and modeled after the image on the coin of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. The numismatist also provides an explanation of the reverse iconography, noting that the conceptual motif of the lion was borrowed from the West, particularly from the Germans. The double-lion images appearing in Levon I’s coin iconography are attempts to imitate this source.
In 1960, in the pages of “Handes Amsorya,” the article “Levon II’s Coronation Coins” was published. In it, the numismatist discusses a Cilician Armenian gold coin which, according to Bedoukian, had been attributed to Levon I–Hetum I. Sekoulian reassigns the gold coin to Hetum I–Levon II, as these two kings ruled jointly. The silver coins with gold coin iconography, which were previously attributed to Levon I, are now attributed to Levon II and are called Levon II’s coronation coins.
The numismatist also addressed the issue of the inscription on Levon II’s copper coin[12]. In AD 1973, in the pages of “Handes Amsorya,” the numismatist discussed this problem. While researching the inscriptions on Levon II’s copper coins, connected to the name of Levon’s father, he concluded that the inscriptions “Stepanê” or “Stefan” should be read with an “F” sound. According to his hypothesis, by 1187–1199 or even earlier, the letter “F” existed in the Armenian alphabet. Thus, the inscription associated with Levon’s father’s name on the coin should be read not with a “P” (as in “Stepanê”) but as “Stefanê.”
Continuing to study the museum’s collection, the numismatist re-examined and reclassified the coins of King Oshin (1307–1320)[13] according to new principles, using Bedoukian’s classification as a basis. In addition, he re-examined the Arabic countermarks and concluded that the Arabic seal was stamped on certain limited issues by the ruling authority, while coins without that seal were exchanged at a higher rate when handed over.
Thanks to his efforts, each coin preserved in the museum’s treasury was re-examined and reweighed. He provided a more precise and updated table of weight systems, which is extremely important for clarifying issues related to the numismatic material under study.
In 1972, the article “The Copper Coins of Levon III (1306–1307)[14] from the Viennese Mkhitarian Museum” was published, in which the author provides a detailed description of the coin and presents ten variations of the cross type. Following his body of work, we see the extensive, profound, and meticulous research carried out on each coin, marked by the patience characteristic of the Mkhitarians.
Father Augustinos Zakari Sekoulian of the Viennese Mkhitarian Congregation was born in Romania on 19 September 1921. Arriving in Vienna in 1931, he joined the Viennese Mkhitarian Congregation in 1938, and in 1944 he attained the rank of vardapet (archimandrite). After completing studies at the Faculty of Philosophy and Theology at the National University of Vienna and undertaking courses in Syriac, Aramaic, and Hebrew, in 1943 he began literary and scholarly research. In addition to numismatic studies, he has worked on source criticism, codicology, bibliography, and Armenology. His worldview is extensive. Besides holding the title of numismatist, he has served Armenian studies and the prosperity of the Congregation for about 70 years. Even today, at the age of 90, he diligently serves at the Mkhitarian school in the United States, passing on the spirit and legacy of Abbot Mkhitar to the younger generations.
There are not many “soldiers” in the numismatic world, but through the works and quality they leave behind, they wield significant influence. By presenting these dedicated figures of Armenian numismatics who lived and worked during different periods of the Viennese Mkhitarian Congregation, we see how much they valued and contributed to the study and development of Armenian numismatics—how much energy and devotion they invested in this field. Nations are recognized through their written primary sources, and coins stand as monuments of a nation, much like our manuscript codices and ecclesiastical edifices.
National coins represent the nation’s past and bear witness to its resilience. With this understanding, the Mkhitarian fathers collected, studied, and preserved Armenian and foreign coins as knowledge and heritage for both our past and present.
[1] This report was presented to the public within the framework of a conference held in Yerevan, in the hall of the Academy’s Institute of History, organized by the Ministry of Diaspora of the Republic of Armenia, the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, and the Mkhitarian Congregation, on 10–11 October AD 2011.
[2] Sibilian, Fr. Ghevond (Clement) V., Classification of the Rubenid Coins, Mkhitarian Printing House, Vienna, 1892
[3] LANGLOIS, V., Numismatique de l’Arménie au Moyen Age, Paris 1855.
[4] The letters were deciphered by the General Abbot of the Viennese Mkhitarian Congregation, Fr. Grigoris Vardapet Manian, and were published in the HDH Memorial Volume dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Fr. Ghevond (Clement) Sibilian’s death: Sibilian’s Letters, ANS, IV, 1980, editors D. Kouymjian and Y. T. Nercessian.
[5] Hay Dramagitakan Handes (Armenian Numismatic Journal) IV, 1980, pp. 19–26.
[6] Saryan, L., “Provenance of the 1873 Sibilian Hoard of Levon I Trams,” Armenian Numismatic Journal, Vol. XXI, 1995, pp. 47–51.
[7] Sibilian, Fr. Ghevond (Clement) V., “Some Information on the Kurdish Tribes of the Van Regions,” in Masis, vol. ?, 1895.
[8] A Brief Geography for Schoolchildren, “Tanik,” Notebook A, 11, National, Constantinople, 1877.
[9] Bedoukian, Paul Z., The Coins of Cilician Armenia, Vienna, 1963.
[10] Sekoulian, Fr. Augustinos Vardapet, “Coins Minted in the City of Ayas,” Handes Amsorya, 1968, no. 4–6, pp. 213–218.
[11] “Observations on the Origins of the Iconography of Levon I’s (1187–1219) Coins,” Handes Amsorya, 1970, no. 10–12, pp. 477–488.
[12] “Stepanê or Stefanê,” Handes Amsorya, 1973, no. 1–3, pp. 81–86.
[13] “The Silver Coins of Oshin in the Viennese Mkhitarian Museum,” Handes Amsorya, 1972, no. 1–3, pp. 95–110.
[14] “Levon III’s (1306–1307) Copper Coins in the Viennese Mkhitarian Museum,” Handes Amsorya, 1972, no. 4–6, pp. 225–238, no. 7–9, pp. 373–382.